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PREFACE
transcripts
These
idea
The
owe
a
recording
of
great deal to many
people.
experiences
views
the
and
senior
of
Canadian public servants, diplomats and military officers involved
in NATO and NATO-related affairs was developed by Geoffrey Pearson,
the
first
Executive
International
successor,
Peace
Bernard
Director
of
Security.
and
Wood,
the
Canadian
the
Institute
work continued
The
for
under his
Institute's present Chief Executive
Officer.
David
Cox
was
Director
Institute's
participated in
Professors
a
helpful
of
launching
Research
number
Jack
in
of
from
the
study.
As
the
to
1987,
he
also
1984
the interviews.
Granatstein of
York
Bothwell of Toronto University provided
University
and
Robert
helpful advice on interview
techniques and transcript preparation.
David Karsgaard of the Department of External Affairs assisted
in
providing access to the NATO files,
background work.
Section
were
John Hilliker
and
for some of the
Dacre Cole
of
preparatory
the Historical
also very helpful.
The interviews themselves were conducted under contract in the
summer
1987.
of
Secretary,
Foreign
both of the
Pawelek,
actively
heavy
task
of
assisted
the first drafts of the
A.S.A.P.
word
processing
contract,
and
and
with
transcribing
preparing
additional
Editor,
Fielding,
Eleanor
Parliamentary Centre for Foreign Affairs and
Trade,
interviews.
The
Nancy
service.
the
preparatory
work
and
interview
tapes
and
the
transcripts was
This
Institute
was
is
done
carried out by
under
grateful
a
smal1
to
Lynne
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President, and
Anderson,
all
her staff,
for the
great effort that
went in to that phase of the work.
Thereafter,
took
Institute Research
Administrator,
major responsibility of shepherding the transcripts
on
the
through
the
corrections.
Cioiu,
Doina
drafts,
following
Her
hard
work
and
in-putting
and
commitment
to
most
of
project
the
the
are
greatly appreciated.
Mary Taylor,
editing
Institute
and reviewing
Other
Institute
work include Cecile
one
Editor,
draft
staff who
Sicard,
of
contributed
also
greatly by
the texts.
helped with
Secretary,
and
various
John
parts
McLeod,
of the
Research
Assistant.
The Contributors also
revision process,
participated actively in the review and
by examining all texts and recommending necessary
changes.
Thanks
are
also due to Charles Ritchie, former Deputy Under-
Secretary of State for
on
his experiences
The
other
process
work
However,
on
External
NATO,
for some helpful
comments
of NATO.
was
an
arduous and complex one,
substantive
the material
issues
and
itself contains
insights, which hopefully
well
Affairs,
appeal
a
interspersed by
administrative
wealth of
matters.
information and
the interested public
as
to the dedicated student of Canadian foreign policy,
and of international affairs in general.
of
will
to
as
Roger Hill
Senior Research Fellow
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INTRODUCTION
agenda.
are
critical
a
issue
facing a rapidly changing world
it.
trying
to
They
are
to
come
Europe,
watching
grips with
discussing
arrangements,
major
military
forces
invasion
and occupation of
recently to
greater
Soviet
the
in
Union,
in the remainder
Western
reliance
defence
United
the
on
stability. Many UN members sent
the Persian Gulf
Kuwait, and
turn back Iraq's
to
participated in
so
major
a
uphold and strengthen the international system by firm
effort to
resistance
do
aggression.
to
This is
now
and
security.
time
a
to
can
to
consider what
Canada
uphold world order
and
We
stock
need
standing in the world,
to
take
and to reflect
before this country for
a
in
developments
modifications
Nations for the promotion of global
international
and contemplating how best to
upheaval
the
considering
and
today's
on
public figures and diplomats
Once again Canadian and other
manage
of
is
order
World
promote
of
other
and
UN
members
international
peace
position and
Canada's
the possibilities that lie
on
influencing the march of events. Canada has
long-standing interest in international peace and security and
well-established connections through such bodies
in the important international endeavours that
doing
so,
NATO
and the
country will surely want to play its full part
United Nations. This
In
as
we
should
not
forget
now
that
lie ahead.
Canada
been
has
actively involved in the quest for world stability, peace and order
for
a
good
structures
fifty
began
years.
in
the
The
thick
work
of
on
the
current
Second
international
World
in
War
an
exercise known as Post Hostilities Planning; and continued over the
next
few
system.
new
years
as
Canada was
global
discussions
a
focussed
founding member
organization,
and
War period as the keystone of
new
a
new
and active
looked to
a
on
it
in the
United
Nations
supporter of
immediate
the
Post-
international security system.
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The
more
ambitious hopes
for
United
the
Nations
were
soon
disappointed owing to the rapidly growing rift between the Soviet
Union and the Western world.
early 1950s
The UN action in Korea in the
decision-making.
crisis of
uphold
the
1990-91
order
new
of
endeavour,
that
-
was
exception to the
an
Henceforth
until
-
Persian
the
United Nations military action in
or contain
device
the Security Council.
by Soviet withdrawal for a brief time from Security
rule occasioned
Council
paralyzed
This
regional disputes
peacekeeping.
serving
was
majority
great
with the
attempts to
largely focussed
played
Canada has
Gulf
a
full
on
role in
of UN and similar
peacekeeping missions.
With
dissipation
the
of
original
the
hopes
for
United
the
Nations,
Canada's attention
turned to alternative arrangements.
Together
with
States
countries,
1940s,
of
the
Canada
United
participated
Organization
(NATO). Set
to
Western
reassure
defence
among
the
of
about
Atlantic
states;
and
several
West
European
establishment, in the
late-
and the North Atlantic Treaty
1949,
in
Europe
North
member
the
up
in the
Treaty
the North Atlantic
and
this
new
system was designed
security;
its
reaffirm
area;
democratic
well-being
promote
guarantee
and
a
the
ideals
sense
of
community.
the South in June 1950,
The North Korean invasion of
fears
that
becoming
the
Soviet
militantly
Union
international
expansionist.
collective
military
response
the
security
of
Collective
defence
about
and
other
in
This
Korea;
strengthened, and over the next
in
year
it
also
Europe
a
Communism
only
including
regions
arrangements
not
Canadian
prompted
were
triggered
a
raised
concerns
Western
Europe.
were
accordingly
infantry brigade
and twelve squadrons of aircraft were sent to Europe to join other
allied forces there.
Since those
the work of
early days, Canada
has
actively participated in
NATO, especially at the military and political levels.
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Canada has
naval,
maintained
land and air units
North America.
and also contributed other
forces in Germany,
to the
defence of the North Atlantic and
This country has also played
active
very
a
role
in
management of inter-allied relationships, and in the collective
the
expanding diplomatic
work of
pursuit
in
Treaty
-
the
at
which
advocates
scientific
on
in Article
interest
of
2
Canada
-
has
issues,
economic
played
addition,
In
Atlantic
North
the
enhanced co-operation
non-military level
work
NATO's
its
of
contacts with the East.
among
the members
its
part
environmental
full
concerns,
in
and
exchanges.
and technological
This forty years of work in NATO constitutes a major Canadian
contribution to international
and security.
peace
stability and prosperity of Western Europe,
the
has promoted
It
and helped to bring
about the political changes in Central and Eastern Europe which now
promise an entirely new future of
for
At the
same
Canada.
It
Atlantic and
time,
has
co-operation.
East-West
participating in NATO has been
assured
also directly
Canada's
for
our
own
own
defence
territory
beneficial
across
-
and
-
the
it has
provided Canada with a pole of inter-relationships which help this
country
to
reaffirm
its
own
distinctness.
In
maintained
linkages
with
the
West
countries which have
helped
counter-balance,
to
intense relationship
So when
we
to
with the
European
some
degree,
NATO,
its
Canada
very
close
has
and
United States.
look at the future of Atlantic affairs,
relations, and world order, we need to recall
East-West
that there is already
body of experience and knowledge built up
over almost half a century. It is important to examine the record,
in existence this whole
as
well
as
staring
into the future.
history of Canadian
involvement in NATO and NATO-related issues is, above all, a human
We
also
need
to
recall
that
this
enterprise. Canadian people pursued Canadian policies
-
hacked out
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positions
collective
with
negotiated
Headquarters,
flew planes off
other
allied
their
Warsaw
with
aircraft carriers
in the
of Canada's contribution to NATO is
government ministers
NATO
counterparts,
Pact
mid-Atlantic.
The
story
record of great endeavour
and many dedicated
or
by
and hard-working public
of this story is publicly known.Some public figures
Little
few former ambassadors write
a
in
diplomats, military officers and service personnel.
servants,
and
a
diplomats
their work,
but
the
vast
autobiographies
leaving no
comments
on
majority of public servants and military
personnel do not. They do their work and
successors,
or
formal
then hand
over
record even after half
a
their
to
lifetime of
activity.
The
present transcripts aim at capturing
experience.
than
and
about
small
major events
in
efforts
Canada's
such
in
The group are all
former public servants,
military officers. They
there were plans
do
to
at
world
one
history,
defence
as
order.
diplomats or senior
include former ministers,
do not
so
NATO's
fields
related
policy, East-West relations, and the pursuit of
into
part of this
They set out the recollections and perceptions of more
dozen Canadians about the
a
a
although
stage if the work had proceeded
second round of interviews. A second round would also have
a
included,
hopefully,
Ambassador
to
the
a
North
senior
air
force
Atlantic Council,
officer,
and
the
current
additional senior
officials involved in Canadian defence planning.
All who did participate had
including periods of
NATO
key roles in consultations
intermediate-range
armed
forces
in
nuclear
Europe,
or
on
immensely rich and varied careers,
NATO-related work where they
such issues as
weapons,
events
in
the
Poland,
the
control
or
played
modernization of
of
defence
conventional
spending in
Canada.
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The interviews
done
were
as
biographies,
of
set
a
conducted in the summer of 1987. They
all
were
following each person's
career
from one location and issue to another, and focussing most heavily
on
the periods of NATO
or
NATO-related
carefully prepared in advance
critical issues as much as
a
possible. However,
or
dry
well
as
careful reflection,
as
affairs
rather
the aim
than
discussions
that the
so
rigid
one;
activity. The questions were
to
was
the approach
encourage
on
not
was
spontaneous comment
and to bring out
point-by-point debate
a
focussed
a
true
over
this
of
sense
that
or
particular document.
transcripts are contained in the main body of this study,
entitled:
"The
Record". They are divided into three parts,
The
according
to
main
focus
of each person's
affairs.
Thus
John
the
NATO-related
Ignatieff, Geoffrey
grouped in Part I,
related affairs
in
Paris,
(NATO)
was
are
with the establishment of the Treaty, the years
East-West relations,
or
arms
control negotiations. Group
directly in Canada's defence effort; and Group
the
to
North
Atlantic
Council
in Brussels.
However,
literally.
activity
division into groups should
this
People's
careers
to another,
as
changed functions from
Taylor
James
George
because their main involvement in NATO and NATO-
all Canadian ambassadors
were
Reid,
Escott
Robert Cameron and George Grande
Pearson,
II were all involved
III
Holmes,
and
in NATO
career
saw
delegation member
Moscow,
as
Brussels,
Ottawa.
and
The
as
area
from
in Paris
one
taken too
phase
to
a
of work to another.
range
in the
the
of
For
perspectives
early-1960s,
North
Under-Secretary of
other
from
be
of
NATO
they advanced through various stages and
one
NATO
Ambassador
overlapped
not
Atlantic
as
a
had
Council
similar,
-
as
a
diplomat in
State for External
participants all
example,
(NATO)
in
Affairs in
broad-ranging
careers.
On
a
personal
note,
the interviews were at all times
a
great
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pleasure
to
record
The
forthcoming,
looking and
the
conduct.
as
they
had
participants
as
been
devoted
to
were
invariably outward-
truthful
a
recounting
of
earlier to the effective performance
of their duties. They represent Canadian
public policy at its best
committed, skillful and imaginative,
without stridency or an
-
and
absorbtion with panaceas. These practitioners were never simplistic
or
hawkish
Two
-
they were, instead, dedicated and thoughtful.
participants who stood out among
passed away since
the
interviews
their
took place.
generation have
All
regret profoundly the loss of John Holmes and George
great Canadians who contributed
country and
to the
pursuit of
world. This study is
one
so
much to the
who
knew
Ignatieff,
them
two
reputation of this
stability, harmony and peace in the
further way of
remembering
them.
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CONTENTS
Preface
Introduction
The
Contributors
The
Record
Part
I
-
World Order,
Atlantic Affairs
and East-West Relations
John
Holmes
Escott Reid
George Ignatieff
Geoffrey
Robert
Pearson
Cameron
George Grande
Part
II
-
Canada's Defence Effort
Robert
Falls
Charles Belzile
Charles Nixon
Part
III
-
Ambassadors to
Council
Ross
the
North Atlantic
in Brussels
Campbell
Arthur Menzies
John
Halstead
James Taylor
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THE
CONTRIBUTORs
Group I
John Holmes.
Institute
Canadian
Department
of
External
professorships
at
1943-60.
Affairs,
(CIIA),
1940-43.
Positions
included
Affairs
International
of
Assistant Under-Secretary,
held
Secretary and other positions with the
National
1953-60. Returned to CIIA in 1960. Also
of
University
the
and
Toronto
York
University.
Reid.
Escott
National Secretary of the Canadian Institute of
International Affairs in the 1930s. Department of External Affairs,
1939-62.
Positions
Under-Secretary,
India,
included
Under-Secretary,
Acting
Ambassador to the Federal
and
Under-Secretary,
Assistant
Principal of Glendon College,
York
High
Deputy
Commissioner
Republic of Germany.
to
First
University.
Department of External Affairs, from 1940
George Ignatieff.
to the early 1970s. Positions included Assistant Under-Secretary;
and Ambassador to
Yugoslavia,
the
North Atlantic Council
(in
Paris),
the
Committee
United
(ENDC).
Nations,
and
the
Subsequently
Eighteen Nation Disarmament
Provost
Trinity
of
College,
University of Toronto.
Geoffrey Pearson.
Department of External Affairs,
Served with the Canadian
the
NATO
included
Secretariat
Advisor
on
in
Arms
Embassy in Paris during 1953-57
Paris
during
Control
Ambassador to the Soviet Union,
of
1952-1984.
and
1958-61.
Other
Disarmament,
1980-83.
First
and
with
positions
1978-80;
and
Executive Director
the Canadian Institute for International Peace and Security,
1984-89.
Robert Cameron.
War
during World
II. Department of External Affairs, 1947-83. Positions included
Served
with the
Canadian army
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Assistant
Under-Secretary;
Bulgaria;
Ambassador to Poland;
of
Defence
residence,
and
Arms
Ambassador to
and Director General
Affairs.
Control
at the University of
Yugoslavia, Romania and
Two
terms
as
of
the Bureau
diplomat-in-
British Columbia and the University
of Toronto.
George Grande.
Served with the armed forces in World
Department
of
External
Ambassador
to
Norway
Ambassador
to
the
Affairs,
1945-79.
Iceland,
and
Negotiations
II.
Positions
included
first
Canadian
1968-72;
Mutual
on
War
and
Balanced
Force
Reductions, Vienna, 1973-76; and Ambassador to South Africa,
1976-79.
Subsequent
work
columnist and editorial writer.
as
Group II
served
with the
fighter
of
carrier.
Commander
Defence
Staff,
a
of
with
Military Committee
been
squadron,
the
the
of
rank
the
a
of
Since
Canadian
Belzile.
Rose
to
Chairman
aircraft
an
Chief
of
for
Arms
the
of
the
retiring from the
Centre
Canadian Armed
Korea, Cyprus, Germany and Canada.
the Second Battalion,
Operations,
and
NATO
service,
Control
and
in Ottawa.
Charles
Mechanized
Admiral.
Afterwards
II.
Postings included
destroyer,
Atlantic Fleet.
in Brussels.
President
Disarmament
War
Royal Canadian Navy until 1983.
command
has
Navy pilot during World
Falls.
Robert
1953-86.
Central
in
Germany;
Army
Served
in
Commands and positions included
Royal Twenty Second Regiment;
Brigade Group
NATO
Forces,
Group,
Fourth Canadian
Assistant Chief
Mannheim;
of
Staff,
Canadian
Forces
Europe (CFE); Chief, Land Doctrine and Operations, National Defence
Headquarters, Ottawa;
has
and Mobile Command in Canada.
General
Belzile
subsequently worked in private industry.
Charles Nixon.
After studying electrical engineering, entered
service with the Royal Canadian Navy in 1949, served in Korea,
and
X
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then
pursued
military
a
Industry during
Department of
Office
82.
during
and
1963-64
Deputy Minister of
1965-75.
Subsequent work
Held senior positions with
career.
as
consultant
at
Council
Privy
the
the
National Defence,
1975-
in Ottawa.
Group III
Campbell.
Ross
service during World War II.
Naval
Affairs, 1944-75. Positions included
of External
Secretary; Ambassador to Yugoslavia and Algeria;
North Atlantic
1972-75.
Council, 1967-72;
President
susequently
as
Arthur
of
Assistant
Under-
Ambassador to the
and Ambassador to Japan and Korea,
Energy
Atomic
Department
of
Ltd.
Canada
Has
worked
consultant in Ottawa.
a
Department
Menzies.
of
External
Affairs,
1940-82.
Service prior to 1972 included senior positions in Japan, Malaysia,
Australia,
and
Ambassador
to
Head of the
as
the North Atlantic Council,
II.
York
Halstead.
Department of
and
Paris.
Division
1972-76.
in ottawa.
Ambassador to
1976-80. Ambassador for Disarmament,
China and Vietnam,
John
Defence Liaison
Service with the armed forces
Affairs,
External
Head
of
the
1946-82.
during World War
Served in Tokyo,
Division,
European
1980-82.
1966-71.
New
other
Under-Secretary, Deputy UnderSecretary, and Acting Under-Secretary, all between 1971 and 1975;
positions
included:
Ambassador
to
the
Assistant
Federal
Republic
of
Ambassador to the North Atlantc Council,
Germany,
1980-82.
1975-80;
and
Subsequent work
in public affairs and teaching.
James
Served
in
Taylor.
Department of External Affairs,
Paris
1961-64
in
Organization
for
Subsequently
served
Economic
with
1953-present.
with the delegations to NATO and
Co-operation
the
Canadian
and
Development
embassy
in
Under-Secretary
and
Deputy Under-Secretary,
all
(OECD).
Moscow.
served as Director General of European Affairs in Ottawa,
between
the
Then
Assistant
1976
and
xi
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1982.
Ambassador
Secretary of
Japan,
The
to
State
1982-85.
the North Atlantic Council,
for
External
Affairs,
1985-89.
Under-
Ambassador
to
1989-present.
interviewers
Roger Hill.
1964-68.
Department of National Defence,
Political
Advisor,
NATO Secretariat,
Taught international studies
Ottawa,
1968-73.
Brussels,
Queen's University and the Royal
at
Military College, Kingston, 1973-75. Deputy Director, Parliamentary
Centre
Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade,
for
Ottawa,
1976-87.
Director of Research,
Canadian
for
International
Peace
and Security,
Senior Research Fellow,
the Institute,
1990-
1987-90;
Institute
present.
David
Alberta,
Lecturer
Cox.
in
1963-67.
Calgary,
Political
Assistant
Science,
Professor
University
and
of
Associate
Professor of Political Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, 1967-
Specializes
present.
in
teaching
security and defence issues.
and
research
Also Director
Affairs
and
Watercan,
Defence,
Pawelek.
Editor,
Foreign Trade,
Ottawa,
Ottawa,
1987-90.
Parliamentary
Ottawa,
Staff
1983-87.
international
Research,
of
Institute for International Peace and Security,
Nancy
on
Canadian
1984-87.
Centre
for
Foreign
Executive Director,
officer, Department
of
National
1990-present.
xii
000177
�Document disclosed under the Access to Information Act
-
Document divulgué en vertu de la Loi sur l'accès à l'information
THE
RECORD
000178
�Document disclosed under the Access to Information Act
-
Document divulgué en vertu de la Loi sur l'accès à l'information
THE
Part I
WORLD ORDER,
RECORD
ATLANTIC AFFAIRS AND EAST-WEST RELATIONS
John Holmes
Escott Reid
George Ignatieff
Geoffrey Pearson
Robert
Cameron
George Grande
Part
II
CANADA'S DEFENCE
Robert
EFFORT
Falls
Charles Belzile
Charles Nixon
Part III
AMBASSADORS
Ross
TO
THE
NORTH
ATLANTIC
COUNCIL
IN
BRUSSELS
Campbell
Arthur
Menzies
John
Halstead
James
Taylor
000179
�
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Preface to "In Alliance"
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“Research - In-House Research - Oral History of Canadian Policy in NATO - Hill Roger,” RG154, Volume number: 13, File number: 2100-17
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en