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Documentdisclosedunder the Accessio /n}ormattonAct
fROM: CANADIAN
MISSION, Bonn, Germany.
~0:
THE SECRETARY
OF STATEFOR EXTERNAL
AFFAIRS, CANADA
Refer'f'nce ....................................................................................
.
I
Subject: ....
7
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formed.
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I left here Friday morning September 7
by car for Frankfurt and took off from there after
lunch by American Overseas Airways for Berlin where
I arrived at 4.30 p.m.
I was met by Captain O'Hagan
and went to our new resjdence upon which I have this
day reported by pensone.l l'etter to Mr. Heeney.
My object in going to Berlin was not only
to put in an appearance in that city in my capacity
1, ~' ~s Acting Head of the Canadian Military Mission there,
,------~·+-·~r~but
also to find out what I could about conditions
in
Copies Referr~
~~est
Berlin, in the Soviet sector of the city,
and in
To.........
X... ~he
Soviet Zone.
I wanted to find out something of
...............
.'.
the military situation
in the Eastern Zone as well as
. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
something about the economic conditions prevailing
.. .. . . .. .. ... .. ..
therein.
I heard and saw a lot and my trip was most
... .. .. .. . .. .. . ..
enlightening.
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2.
J.
No. of Enclosures
Post File
lLL-Z
T. .... ... .
No. .....
Before discussing
the military
and economic
picture,
might I say just a few words about the Eastern
Sector.
I paid my first
visit thereto and we drove
around the main business section thereof.
The minute
you drive through the Brandenburg gate you sense the
fact that things are different.
There are not the same
number of cars.
There is nothing in the way of shops
such as can be found in the Western Sectors.
There
certainly
is no display of luxury goods such as are to
be found in all parts in the West. You miss the display
windows and the bright Neon lights.
I was back there at
night as I will hereafter
mention.
The one bright
shop is what is known as an "HO" store run by the state
and where goods of all descriptions
can be purchased without coupons but at prices infinitely
higher than those
charged at stores where rationed goods are procurable.
This is after the fashion of Moscow and I suppose is
aimed at drawing off surplus purchasing power. I noticed
that this shop was crowded.
4.
There are no restaurants
sucn as you see in
the West sectors except two or three new ones recently
opened by the authorities.
These are palpable imitations
of ones in the West.
5.
The one thinB above all else which strikes
you is the evidence of propaganda.
Here, there, and
everywhere are great banners placed on walls, bearing
tribute
to the greatness of Stalin as the true friend of
Germany. One such banner announced in large letters,
"Korea for the Koreans, Germany for the Germans, Go Home
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,
Americans";·no
invitation
at all, of course, for the
Red thugs from Russia to get back to their own country.
There are large· pictures
of the leaders of the East German
Communist party.
There are pictures of Stalin and some
of the. lesser fry from Russia.
Great red streamers run
down the walls of buildings.
A huge stand for mass meetings,
with loud speakers, microphones etc •., has been erected.
in one
of the main squares.
Wherever you turn you see these·devices
of propaganda which operate around the clock.
Goebels in all
his glory was only a· ch.ild .compared to these people.
• Everywhere you see police on beats all armed with side-arms..
I
presume that one naturally
enters this sector with a prejudiced
mind but I think that an. impartial
observer would find that
there is a~ air of ·restriction,
if not rep~es~ion,
hanging
over the place.
.Many of the cars on the st.reets are from
the Western· sectors,
where, of course, you see quite a number
bearing East sector plates.
'
'
6 •.
I went to look at the site of Hitler's
last stand,
a la Custer.
There is nothing there.but
rubbl~ with
evidences of where the bunker was. What.a legacy or trouble
that fellow left to the.worldl
•
7.
There is little
evidence of building.or
real demolition
work, .as in the Western sectors,
but on a minor scale there
have been some places of business chiselled
out of the rubble.
-The, one and only exception to this· is a .great huge majestic
Russian Embassy being-built
on Unter Den Linden a block or
so in from the Brandenberg gate.
I would thin,k that this
would be at least five times as large as the American Embassy
in Ottawa.
I expect, however, that all space will be
required not only for the carrying on of ordinary diplomatic
functions but also as the head -office of 'the Soviet satellite,
East Germany.
8.
.The building of this place indicates
that Russia
·that Berlin will·be the Capital of Germany in a united
under her control.
expects
Germany
9.
I went back.to the ·Eastern Sector the same night to
attend the .Theatre and to enjoy Smetana's Opera, "The Bartered
Brio,e.''.
It was simply wonderful and the singing was glorious .•
The theatre,
the opera, the ballet and music· thrive in all
Berlin and, in 'fact, all over Germany. There seems to be·
no·i-ron curtain in this field of culture.
The cast included
G·ermans from all parts of Germany. The audience was largely
representative
of the Western sectors.
The same thing applies
in the Western ·sectors.
There is little
regard as to where
the players live.
In Berlin they live in both sectors and
play in each.
The German love of music overrides
political
and economic differences.
The next. morning, Sunday, I went
to 'hear the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra under a famous leader
from Munich and I was told that a considerable
part of the
a1:).dience was from the East.·
Money valu·es make the theatre
cheap for Western sector residents
but put the Western theatre
out of reach o.f many from the East.
10.
There ·is one strang_e thing about Berlin.
Russia has
pulled down the Iron Curtain ·and has hermetically
sealed off
herself and all her satellites
from the Western world and at
the same time has .'sealed off her people from the West. The
only spot in the whole world where the "Curtain" is not down
is in Berlin.
There the West and the East can.mix and there
they can see for themselves the actual conditions
in both
sections.
On the one side a free capit~listic
economy
operates.
On the other, a creeping paralysis
of State
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\[ Capitalism
and steadily
encroa~hing
roughshod methods of
11 a
Communist dictatorship·
•. To the West of the Brandenburg
l: Gate there is a free press,
a free people,. and a free
ii ·economy.
To· the East there is a controlled.
press,, a
;i rationed
people,
state ownership and no: freedom except to
ii walk
the streets
and not criticize.
The tlussians
are on
'.i. the .defensive
.,the:e
Th~y :lie ~ike·. horsethieve.s
about
::. West·ern Zone cond1 tions but the Easterner
knows,. that they
ii· lie
because he can get on a street
car and go and see for
'/!.himself.
• The .conditions·
in the West are explained
by the
1: aliegc3:tion
that th_e ,shops are owned by and. operated
for
:! black marketeers;
that only those who ~re crooks have the
ii wher.ewithal
to buy _the luxuries
evident on all sides.
There
1: must
be J.ots of black market because the Western shops are
• j filled
with purchasers.
The East harps on the large scale
i: unemployment
in th~ We,stern,sectors.
·.True enough,it
exists,
',1;' but a man on relief
in the West is better
off than a man with
;;-a job in :the East.
Also a· large number of the unemployed are
ii refugees
from the East. • The Government shop· I mentioned
:
and the •restaurants
have been brought into being because the
1
i: Rus.sians have to try· and' build ·up some· kind of .a fr.ont com1 parable
to the conditions
of the West.
It is an education
Jj
to see them operate where, a·s in Berlin,
they face the
\! active
competition
of the West. : If the competition
becomes
!!-too keen· they may have· to _move in to: extinguish
it.
1
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So mu~h for· that.
·Now let me ·recor~ my impressions
:: of what is happening in the East Zone. My informants
are
i:. leading
personnel
of·the
Intelligence
and Economic sections
II of
the American and British_ ·organizati<;:ms.
:1
\[ 12.
•• In the military
field,
a s~-called
Police Force
:i' estimated to. contain sixty thousand men is being built up.·
:: This Force must be distinguished
from the. ordinary
East Police
;I- Force
the members of which vary from a few t}J.ousand to two
ii· hundred thousand •. This body is under the direction
of former. leadf>,,
ing German military
men.·
It is definite
that an army under the
.
. cloak of a police forc·e is being created.
Various schools
ha_ve been s.et up and vigorous training
is going ahead.
There are,
for instance,
severa,l tank schools where tanks for,training
:1 purposes
are available.
Actual training
with all types of ~rms
!!_.goes on apace~
This group has not yet been equipped as an
ii army but is being
trained
as such and·· c~m be so equipped in, a·
ji matter
.of days a:s .Russia· has all the needed equipment there for
11
this purpose.
I was 'preceeded
in qne office
by a de.serter
from this organization
who had·left
a complete set of the whole
ii·course of training in the. various ·branches.
All was freshly
,J gotten
out and· I was told was. most. up-to-date.
Incidentally
::
•
I
was
told
that
most
of
these
deserters
quit
and
come West
1,
:: because they cannot stand the- r.igours of the traini_ng.
This
motivates
them mpre than a hatred··of
Communism. My. informant
11
. y did not have a very high opinion of th.ese people.
11
•
;; 13.
. It was suggested
to me that even w:hen ready to
ii go into
action. that this group ·of· Germans would never bear arms
\i against
their fellow· Germans• in the West.
My informant
told me
i! that
this was a myth·. These men are being indoctrinated
with
ii th~ idea that Western· Germany is caught in the tentacles
of an
!:·,Imperialistic
·capitalistic.
monster which will employ German
\! mercenaries
to retain
their hold and that th~s army is being
..ii' created
to go to the relief
of their fellow ..Germans and th~·t it
!\.·.will be a great
national
crusade,
a sort of relief
expedition.
!:. I was told that tq.is line is being more and more accepted and •
:i. that .when the time comes this
force will kill their
fellow
i; Germans and do anything
to ·release
the. West Germans from· the
:; bondage into which they are supposed to have sunk~·
Any other
Ji. thought
is just so much wishful thinking.
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14.
I-was also told that rtussia has three hundred
and twenty-five
thousand fully equipped troops in the
Eastern Zone and that this force could, on a minute's notice,.
sweep .over Western Europe. I had no knowledge that -Russian
Occupation Forces were so large and I think that this is a
factor to be taken into consideration
in analysing my despatch
No. 35g of August 24 wherein I set forth my appreciation
of
the military
situation
here.
Basically,
however, this fact
does not, I _feel, alter my conc_lusions therein arrived at.
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·15.
In connection with this· force, it seems to be
generally accepted in Berlin tµat after the October 15th
elections
in the Soviet Sector, Russia will enter into a
peace treaty.of
some kind with the new East German state
and that this treaty will provide for the withdrawal of this
occup'ation army. It is pointed out that this in effect will
mean nothing as such army can be moved back fifty miles into
Poland where it will hav~ the same effect as though actually
located in the Soviet Zone.
It is also accepted that a
mutual assistance
and non-aggression
pact will be entered into
between Russia and East Germany.
16.
It is anticipated
that control of access to Berlin
from the West by Westerners will ~lso ostensibly
be handed to
the new Communist regime and that such regime will start
at once to gradually apply the screws and probe here and there,
creating fear, lack of confidence and trouble in West Berlin.
Some feel that this East Communist administration
will some
day jut move in and take over the civic administration,
power
plants, street car system, etc., of the ,West·. It is felt by
these people that thi~ will ·be done to provoke the Allied
Occupation Forces to resist,
with the inevitable
result that
Germans will be killed,
which in turn will provide plenty of
ammunition for propaganda purposes.
It is also.suggested
that in the event of such trouble,
Russian aid would be sought
under the mutual ass~stance pact above-mentioned.
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17.
I pointed out that, in my·opinion, this would mark
the beginning of World War No. III, and that this move would
not be permitted by Russia until she wants that war to start.
I think that ·some time will elapse, if it ever comes, before
this action is authorized or permitted by Russia.
Her game
will be to make as much trouble as pos~ible short of war.
:;
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I. learned one st·range thing which I ciid not know
before.
In the creation of the new German Rupublic of East
• ·;1 ·- Germany the Eastern
Sector of Berlin has not been included •
. 11
General Bourne, the British Commandant gave me this informa,,
tion.
They have in Berlin two separate and distinct
civic
governments, one in the East and· one in the·West but notwithe
standing this fact there is still
in existence a certain degree
of
cooperation
and
a
certain
r,ecognition
of the fo:ur-power
H
status .of the city.
The final link has not been broken and
I
there is no indication ,that it will be broken• on either side.
ii
ii.
As I menti6ned before, the city is treat~d as one for the
·I
ii
purposes of the inhabitants.
There is freedom of movement
!\
from one section to the other, freedom of trade and provision
is made in each sector for the exchange therein. of money from
the other sector.
Street railways_ still
run across the city.
At the boundaries crews are· changed but the fare paid in the
Western section carries you right through the East and vice
versa.
Finally to cap· it all,- the . Russians are still
represented on the Four Power Protocol Liaison group and there is
still
a measure of contact between the East and the West.
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;1 19.
.General Bourne• feels that there should come out of
::_ the current
meeting of.Foreign
Ministers
a definite
statement
I! that
any attempt to take Wes.t Berlin by force will -be accepted
;; as a declaration
·of war.
He thinks that a line should be
drawn across Europe and Russia and the world-told
that ·we have.
no intention
of crossing
that ·line and that any attempt to
cro·ss it from the East means war.
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It ts clear that West Berlin is in for a tough·spin
;; again.
Events will try the patience
and the fortitude
of
()-the Military
Commanders, their
staffs
and the Westerners
who
-~
live
in
Birlin.
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21.
Now·let me comment on the economic picture.
There is
large scale unemployment in West Berlin but no one is in want.
United States aid assures ·this.
There is a constant
movement
over of refugees from the East and.this
increases
the burden.
A refugee camp has been set up.
The Communists call this a
slave or internment
camp.
I think some of the refugees
such
defecting
police from the East, are moved by air to Western
11 as
i:- Germany.
Outwardly there is no comparison between the Russian
!1 and Western
sectors.
•
22.
: I noted one disturbing
feature,
viz.,
that there
seemed to be quite a number of Germans about, giving inordinate
• evidences
o·f weal th. • I passed a brand new. American sevenpassenger
Chrysl~r,
such as we were to get but which has evapqrated.
There was a chauffeur
in uniform and the license
indicated
i\ German ownership.
To me this seemed dncongruous with· condi•
;;-tions
as they are.
I saw many other sleek looking cars, all of·
,I
,, which indicated
to me that somebody w~s making some money.
There seems to me no way for anyone to ·get rich and be engaged
;!• in honest
business.
may be wrong but I am very suspicious
i that
all is not well.
•
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)[ 23.
The rate of exchange for East an:d West lV.larks is now
,, fi v~ East to one West.
Prices in the two sectors
are about the
same in number of Marks but naturally
a man with
West Mark
ii• can· get real
bargains
by purchasing
in the Eastern sector.
The
.1! r·ate is apparently
fixed by the law of supply and demand operating
,: in an open market.
It was 9 to l but has gradually
been reduced
to the present
figure.
This means either
that purchasing
power
in the East sector has been reduced .or that more goods are in
:1
n supply
there with less demand upon West markets.
·I think that
:: Russia will decrease
purchases
in West Berlin in order not to
aid increase
of employment there.
The rate· has been hardening.
i[ ··She wants
Western Marks to finance
Communist activities
in West
:'. Berlin and West Germany and to buy commodities in West Germany.
:: It doesn't
seem to make much difference
to the resident
in East
• i1 Berlin
as· he gets as much for his Mark in his sector as does the
Westerner
in his.
The state store I mentioned is .patronized
considerably
by·West Germans.
Foreigners,
as stated
above, are
:; not allowed .-to shop therein.
a
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a ·24.
Russia does not. seem to care very much what she pays
:: for Western goods.
The main thing is to get them.
• The goods
she sells
are extracted
from the people and the cost of same
or losses
suffered
mean nothing to her.
ii'
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25.
I was told definitely
that there was full employment
'' in .the East sector
and that any West sector person seeking a job
could secure one instantaneously.·
There ts not nearly as·much
food or clothing
in the East as in the West but wages are
!: wufficient
to allow the people to live wit·hout too much hardship
:: and with plenty ·or work there is, on the surface,
little
dis· 1: content.
The contrasting
conditions
of. employment between the
two sectors
provide plenty of ammunition for -propaganda.
Few
look beneath the surface to get the real picture.
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t 26.
The entire occupation costs of the Russian
/ Army are a charge on the Soviet Zone.- Practically
11 all
the major industries
are owned by. Soviet corporations.
1/ Others have ·been nationalized
but this means the same thing
~- as the new Communist Government is merely an agent.for
the Soviet.
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d
27.
I was told.that
.considerably
more than half of
ll
the
production
was
sent
to
Russia
or
her satellites.
This is
·,
reparations
in
kind.
These
industries
a~e
being
enlarged
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Ii
and new ones are being created.
In connection with the
ii
Soviet
owned
and
operated
ones,
the
people are.told
~hat
Ii
such
industries
should
haV:e
been
removed
as
reparations
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,,
but that Russia~· out of the ·goodn~ss _of her heart, has left
them in Germa~y; that while _the bulk of the production
/I
goes
abroad, nonetheless
employment ·is provided for East
i!
I/
Germans in the operation.·
They are told that they get a
ii
fair
wage
and
with
the
money
paid to them they can buy
!!
/!
their
needs.
I
suppose
that
Russia sees to it that
r/
rationed goods are always available
even if they have to be
i!
shipped in.
They naturally
get much the better of a deal
II
like this.
Labour is thus for the time being kept content.
/1
I doubt if the farmer is as happy as part of his actual
!/
production is taken without compehsation.
He isn't organized
I,
I!
and
cannot
be
as
articulate
·as
the
factory
worker.
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28.
In the field of trade, the East is reaching more
and more into the Western part of,Germany including Berlin.
I was told for a fact .that price means· nothing to ~ussia
and that it is a deliberate
policy to invoice goods at one
price and pay much more, thus enabling the West German to
evade taxation.
. This practice
I am told is growing at a
great rate.
Love of money, inherent in Germans as in many·
other people, is turning many into crooks and collaborators.
This is a dangerous thing.,
•
29.
This is a deliberate.scheme
not only to get goods
but to undermine West Germany. It is another straw to
indicate that-West Germany will gradually,
if possible,
move under the control of Russia without the use of actual
force.
30.
·one of my informants took the stand that the
Western world is faced with enforclng some type of embargo on
~ussia and her satellites~·
He said that through all countries_
of Western Europe, including Britain,
and in_fact from and
through the whole of the world, there was an ever-increasing
flow of goods·to Russia, the bulk of which are needed for
war. He said that the amoun~'from each nation might be a
trickle
but when the t.rickles
joined together behind the
Iron Curtain they became a stream.
Surely, as in war,
the screws can be applied,
31.
,My informant says that Soviet Germany or Russia
itself
is busily engaged in West Germany in getting plants
to o.perate and in mariy cases to increase production of goods
to move .East.
Gradually,he
feels, West Germany is being
tied to the East.
He feels that the West must not only
stop this shipment East but. must itself
absorb the produc,ts
of West Germany.
In re-armament plans this should be
possible.
32.
I discussed with this informant how the shackle-s;
of Communism could ever be removed from East G~rmany. He
suggested that every day more and,more people were acquiri_ng
a vested interest
in the maintenance of the status quo.
'-.
All persons in authority,
all police, all. foremen and many .,
workers with constant employment were becoming.more and
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more favourabl·e to acceptance of the system.· They have
gone through so much that loss of freedom·does not mean
as much to them as to usl This same man told me that in
the last five years he had made five trips through Poland
and_ Czechoslovakia and tpat gradually the same thing was
happening there.
He thinks thatthere·is
very •little
likelihood
of any revolts .in either of those countries.
Therein lies the viciousness
of .the system.
People· are
being converted in,t.o willing slaves ·merely in exchange
·for the right to exist.
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33.
Every civilian
I talked to seemed.' .to be of the
opinion that the only final solution .of the problem.was
war.
General Bourne does not agree.
He says, as stated
above, that a line has now been drawn across Europe.
He
does not anticipate
war or even.the use of force in West·.
Berlin.
He takes the stand that we must face a long. period
of armed neutrality
with each side· so strong that the other
will not start anything; that in time something may happen
to solve the issues between the two worlds.
34.
.
•.
This difference
of opinion between. the military
mind and the civilian
one is strange.
I hope that the
General is right and it is quite pos~ible that he is.
3 5.
It does one good to. go to ~erlin.
Stra_ngely
enough the closer yoµ. get to what should. be a· "hot spot"
the less the people seem to wru;rJry. L;i.fe in Berlin goes
on as usual and there is .no evidence of tension.
• •
36.
One great good has- come out of their experiences
there.
·The political
par.ties work in close harmony. The
three Occupying Powers are even more close thah- down here.·
The people are together.
The threats have created· a
spirit
of cooperation and mutual trust and opposition to
a .commonfoe which would'be invaluable
in the West of
Germany if it could be creat~d here.
37.
The people of West Germany are behind the:i.r.leaders
to date.
The unempl~yed are .not seeking available
jobs
in the East.
True th~y get what .they can from the East
sector through. purchase of goods there b.ut this is a.good
thing even it it means West marks for the East.
11
38.
There is in the.air•a
·reeling of expectation
as
to what i's going to happen after· _October 15 and during this
winter.
Whatever i_t is, I doubt if it will. daunt the people.
Berlin is a symbol-which must b~held and everything possible
should be done to support her peo_ple.
II
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ii
-T.C. Davis
Head of Mission.
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• 11
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000236
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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CDBC00321
Title
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"A trip to Berlin, things seen and heard and impressions formed," Bonn to SSEA, despatch no. 430
Date
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11-Sep-50
Source
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"BERLIN. Political Situation. Relations between West and East Berlin," RG25-A-3-c, Volume 4072, File number: 10937-40, File part: 1, Library and Archives Canada (LAC)
Creator
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LAC ATIP A-2024-01457
Rights
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Canadian Crown
Subject
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Berlin
Publisher
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Canada Declassified
Format
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PDF
Language
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English